3/10/2024 0 Comments San francisco parcel mapDifficulties with Zoning Research and Limitations of Existing Zoning Datasets This report merely reflects the first attempt to utilize this original dataset to draw inferences and conclusions about the characteristics of communities with restrictive zoning. We undertook this labor-intensive research in the hopes that the full significance of our efforts would lay not just in our own findings, but also in how other researchers use our data. We hope that this unprecedented repository of detailed zoning information is used by researchers in future projects and are excited to see what other insights might be gleaned from the data we’ve produced. The Othering & Belonging GitHub page hosts the parcel-by-parcel geographic and data files used in this report and its analysis. In addition to presenting our findings, we now make the underlying parcel-level data we collected to create the original bay area zoning maps available to other researchers to conduct their own analyses. Our goal is to convey a broader appreciation of the ramifications of restrictive zoning. Unlike zoning maps used by many other researchers, our maps were constructed from the parcel level upward and accounts for residential land use not publicly attributed to specific housing types, allowing us to assess the effects (or at minimum the correlates) of restrictive zoning with a far greater level of precision than has generally been done by others. To conduct this research, we created original color-coded municipal maps displaying single-family zoning, other residential zoning, and non-residential zoning for 101 municipalities in the Bay Area across nine counties. As we detail in this report, people who are excluded from these neighborhoods have fewer well-performing schools nearby, have lower incomes, and have less access to opportunity. Furthermore, these areas don’t simply provide their own residents with these resources they also hoard them from the rest of the Bay Area, especially people of color and people with low incomes. These exclusionary roots are evident in the composition of heavily single-family zoned cities today, and our findings are not trivial: home values in these cities are $100,000 higher, incomes are $34,000 higher, and these areas are nearly 20 percent whiter than the rest of the Bay Area’s cities. 1Īlthough no longer racially explicit, exclusionary zoning such as single-family zoning is explicitly classist, designed to exclude lower-income residents and more affordable housing options, and can be implicitly racist, designed to keep out certain groups of people based upon racist stereotypes. The origins of zoning is colored by classist and even racist history. However, this is also consistent with a troubling pattern of social, economic, and racial exclusion in cities with high levels of single-family zoning. These cities have higher incomes, higher home values, better-performing schools, and our evidence indicates they are high opportunity in the broadest sense: children who were raised in these cities 30 years ago have better outcomes in their adulthoods. We find that cities with high levels of single-family zoning have greater resources (even relative to the generally wealthy and expensive Bay Area) in virtually every statistic we are able to measure. The report also contributes towards zoning reform by identifying high single-family zoned cities in the Bay area that could potentially be upzoned. This report describes the characteristics of communities in the San Francisco Bay Area in relation to the degree of restrictive zoning within each jurisdiction. That investigation led us to a broader understanding of the effects of single-family zoning, which we now document. As part of our series on racial segregation in the San Francisco Bay Area, we examined the relationship between restrictive zoning (and single-family zoning in particular) and racial residential segregation.
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